Your Frist Testosterone Cycle: A Canadian Beginner’s Complete Roadmap
Deciding to run your first testosterone cycle is a major step.It can transform your physique, strength, confidence—and if done carelessly—your long-term health.In Canada, with its specific medical system, legal framework, and bloodwork access, the path can feel confusing even before you pin your first ml.
This guide is built to remove that confusion. Think of it as a structured roadmap: from pre-cycle planning and Canadian-specific realities,to safe dosing strategies,on-cycle management,and what to do when the cycle ends. You’ll learn how to approach your first cycle like a disciplined project—not a reckless experiment.
Why a Roadmap Matters for your first testosterone Cycle
In gyms,forums,and group chats across Canada,first-time users are frequently enough handed random “bro cycles” with aggressive doses,zero bloodwork,and no exit strategy. Many jump in with more enthusiasm than data—and end up with side effects, hormone crashes, or health scares that could have been prevented with a clear plan.
A well-designed first cycle should feel structured, intentional, and controlled. That means:
- Understanding exactly what testosterone does inside your body
- Knowing how canadian laws and healthcare shape your options
- Planning bloodwork before, during, and after your cycle
- Choosing realistic goals and timelines—not fantasy transformations
- Protecting your long-term health, fertility, and hormone balance
What makes this a “Canadian” Beginner’s Roadmap?
While the physiology of testosterone is universal, the practical realities are not. This article is tailored for lifters, athletes, and everyday Canadians who want to understand:
- how Canadian prescription rules and scheduling affect access to testosterone
- Where and how to get proper bloodwork in the Canadian system
- The difference between medically supervised TRT and self-directed cycling
- Health risks in the context of Canadian wait times, referrals, and lab systems
You’ll see how to align your cycle decisions with the reality of living under Canadian healthcare, not just generic advice pulled from U.S. or international forums.
Who This guide Is (and Isn’t) For
This roadmap is written for healthy Canadian adults who are seriously considering a first testosterone cycle for performance or physique goals and want to approach it with:
- A respect for evidence and long-term health
- A willingness to do bloodwork and track biofeedback
- The patience to start with conservative, beginner-appropriate protocols
It is not a green light for reckless experimentation, underage use, or replacing professional medical advice.Rather, it’s a detailed educational framework so you can have informed discussions with healthcare providers, ask better questions, and understand the implications of each choice.
What You’ll Walk Away With
By the end of this article, you’ll have a step-by-step map to:
- Evaluate whether a first cycle makes sense for you right now
- Understand core testosterone concepts: esters, dosing, injection frequency
- Plan pre-cycle screening and essential blood tests in Canada
- Structure a beginner-amiable first cycle from start to finish
- Manage side effects intelligently and know when to seek help
- Design a responsible post-cycle strategy to support recovery
The goal isn’t to push you toward using testosterone—it’s to ensure that if you ever do, you’ll do it with clarity, intention, and a strong respect for your body.

Your first testosterone cycle is a major decision, not a quick shortcut. This roadmap is built for Canadians who want clear guidance, science‑backed options and realistic expectations.You will learn how to plan a simple beginner cycle, protect your health with proper bloodwork, navigate Canadian access and legality and set up nutrition, training and post‑cycle recovery so you keep more of your gains and avoid preventable damage
Stepping onto testosterone for the first time isn’t just about chasing bigger numbers in the gym—it’s about making a calculated, adult decision that affects your hormones, health markers and long‑term quality of life. this roadmap is built for Canadians who want more than locker‑room hearsay: you’ll see what a simple, science‑backed beginner plan looks like, how to use real bloodwork data instead of guesswork, and how to move through Canada’s unique access and legal realities without burying your head in the sand.
Instead of hyped “blast and crash” cycles,you’ll learn how to set up a structured first run that matches your training age,budget and risk tolerance,then support it with smart nutrition,realistic training volume and post‑cycle recovery so you keep more lean tissue and restore your natural hormones as smoothly as possible. Expect blunt truths, clear options and practical tools—everything you need to move from curiosity to a well‑planned decision, whether that ultimately means cycling responsibly or deciding you’re better off staying natural.
By the time you reach the end,you’ll understand how to:
- Design a minimalist first cycle that prioritizes safety over ego lifts.
- Schedule pre‑, mid‑ and post‑cycle bloodwork through Canadian labs and clinics.
- Weigh the legal and ethical realities of obtaining testosterone in Canada.
- Dial in macros, sleep and stress management to actually grow from the drugs you’re using.
- Set up post‑cycle therapy (PCT) so you don’t feel like you’ve fallen off a cliff when the cycle ends.
| Phase | Primary Goal | Key Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Pre‑Cycle | assess risk | Bloodwork & education |
| On‑Cycle | Build muscle | Minimal dosing, monitoring |
| Post‑Cycle | Recover hormones | PCT, lifestyle structure |

Understanding Testosterone In Canada What The Law Your Doctor And Your Body Need You To Know First
Before you even think about pinning your first millilitre, you need to understand that in Canada, testosterone sits at the crossroads of criminal law, medical ethics, and your long‑term health. It’s a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, which means possession without a prescription can put you on the wrong side of federal law, even if “everyone in your gym is doing it.” At the same time, legitimate testosterone therapy is a core part of modern medicine, used daily by Canadian physicians to treat clinically low levels and serious endocrine disorders.
The tension comes from how you choose to access it. Your doctor is legally bound to protect you, not to be your cycle coach, and Health Canada expects testosterone to be used for diagnosed medical need, not physique enhancement. This legal and ethical framework doesn’t exist to ruin your gains—it exists because your heart, liver, fertility, mental health, and blood chemistry all react to androgens in ways you can’t fully “feel” in the mirror. Knowing where the law stands, what your doctor can and cannot do, and how your body actually responds to supraphysiological doses is the foundation that separates an informed, strategic approach from reckless experimentation.
In practice, this means three perspectives must line up before a “first cycle” even makes sense:
- The Law: Importing underground lab vials, mailing vials across provinces, or buying from a local “source” is illegal and can trigger charges that stay on your record long after the cycle is over.
- Your Doctor: most Canadian physicians will not prescribe testosterone for bodybuilding, but they can legally order comprehensive blood work, diagnose hypogonadism, and manage medically indicated therapy within Health Canada guidelines.
- Your body: Even a “mild” cycle can thicken your blood, crash your natural production, and alter mood and libido. You need objective data—before,during,and after—to know what’s truly happening inside.
| Perspective | What It Expects | Your Move |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian Law | RX-only use, no gray-market sourcing | Avoid ugls, understand legal risk |
| Physician | Evidence-based treatment, informed consent | Be honest about symptoms and goals |
| Your Body | Homeostasis, not permanent blasts | Track labs, protect fertility and organs |
Designing A Safe Beginner Testosterone Only Cycle Recommended Compounds Doses Injection Frequency And Cycle Length
A smart first cycle in Canada keeps things simple: one compound, steady dosing, and zero guesswork. For most healthy men, that means using testosterone enanthate or cypionate only, pinned consistently so blood levels stay stable and side effects stay predictable. Think of this as your “learner’s permit” cycle—your job isn’t to chase the wildest gains, but to collect clean data on how your body reacts to testosterone, how your bloodwork shifts, and what dose-to-result ratio makes sense for you before you ever consider stacking more.
For a first run,a conservative,evidence-aligned structure looks like this:
- Compound: Testosterone Enanthate or cypionate (single ester only)
- Weekly Dose: 300–400 mg/week for most canadian beginners
- Injection Frequency: Split dose into 2 pins per week (e.g., Monday & Thursday) to reduce hormonal swings
- Cycle Length: 10–12 weeks, followed by a structured PCT and full recovery window
- Carrier Oil Note: Verify tolerance (e.g., grapeseed, MCT) and always test a small volume first
| week | Total Weekly Dose | Injection Schedule |
|---|---|---|
| 1–2 | 300 mg | 150 mg Mon / 150 mg Thu |
| 3–10 | 350–400 mg | 175–200 mg Mon / 175–200 mg Thu |
| 11–12 (optional) | Same as Weeks 3–10 | Hold dose; prep for PCT & labs |
- Avoid front-loading or oral kickstarts on a first cycle—your receptors are fresh, you don’t need the extra risk.
- Use the lowest dose that gives clear progress; you can always scale up in later cycles, but you can’t undo damage from starting too heavy.
- Anchor every decision to bloodwork before, during (mid-cycle), and after—this is your real progress report, not just the scale or mirror.
Health Safeguards For canadian First Timers Pre Cycle Screening On Cycle Bloodwork And Heart Liver And Lipid Protection
Before you pin a single millilitre, your priority as a Canadian first‑timer is proving your body can actually handle the stress. That means partnering with a test-friendly family doctor or private clinic, getting honest about your plans, and locking in baseline bloodwork you can compare against mid‑cycle. At minimum, you want a snapshot of your hormones, heart, liver, kidneys, and lipids while you’re still “natural.” In Canada, this usually involves a standard requisition form and a quick visit to LifeLabs or a similar provider—nothing dramatic, no need to overshare with the receptionist, just clear dialogue with your prescriber and a commitment to monitor your health like an athlete, not a gambler.
Think of your labs as your dashboard. Before starting, aim for a panel that includes: total and free testosterone, LH/FSH, estradiol (E2), CBC, CMP (kidney & liver), fasting glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure.Once on, re-test at weeks 5–6 and again a few weeks after coming off to confirm you’ve recovered. Support these numbers with simple, proven protectors: a Mediterranean-leaning diet, omega‑3s, adequate fibre, moderate-intensity cardio 3–4x per week, and keeping alcohol and recreational drugs to a minimum. Many Canadians also add low-dose aspirin (if approved by thier doctor), berberine or metformin for glucose, and TUDCA or NAC for extra liver support. Combine this with home monitoring—
- Blood pressure checked weekly with a home cuff
- Resting heart rate tracked daily (watch or phone app)
- Bodyweight and waist logged 2–3x weekly
- Shortness of breath or chest pain treated as a red‑flag, not an inconvenience
| Marker | Why It Matters | Typical Target Range |
|---|---|---|
| blood Pressure | protects heart & kidneys | < 130 / 80 mmHg |
| ALT / AST | Liver strain from drugs or orals | Within local lab “normal” |
| LDL / HDL | Atherosclerosis risk | LDL low, HDL > 1.0 mmol/L |
| Hematocrit | Blood thickness, clot risk | Usually < 0.54 |
Use your Canadian lab’s reference ranges and your doctor’s guidance as the final word.
Mastering Side Effect Control estrogen Management Hair skin Mood And Evidence Based Ancillary Support
Running testosterone without a plan for side effects is like driving a high‑powered car on black ice—things feel fine until they don’t. your edge as a Canadian first‑timer is planning: understanding how estrogen, DHT, and neurochemistry shift on cycle, and having smart, evidence‑based ancillaries on hand before pinning the first mL. The goal isn’t to crush hormones into the ground, but to steer them into an athletic, enduring range where libido, confidence, skin, and hair all work with you rather of against you.
Testosterone aromatizes into estrogen, and in a beginner cycle that’s often where the trouble—and the overcorrection—starts. Rather of blindly blasting aromatase inhibitors, you anchor your decisions to symptoms and labs. Early in cycle, watch for:
- High‑estrogen clues: puffy nipples, rapid water retention, emotional volatility, elevated blood pressure.
- Low‑estrogen clues: joint dryness, flat libido, low mood, “sandpaper” erections despite high testosterone.
- Cosmetic shifts: oilier skin, emerging acne, hairline sensitivity or increased shedding.
| Target | Watch For | Evidence‑Based Support |
|---|---|---|
| Estrogen | Bloat, nipple change, mood swings | Low‑dose AI only if needed, salt control, regular bloodwork |
| Hair & Skin | Receding hairline, cystic acne | Topical minoxidil/ketoconazole, gentle cleanser, non‑comedogenic moisturizers |
| Mood | Irritability, anxiety, low drive | Sleep hygiene, omega‑3s, structured training, honest check‑ins with a partner |
Core ancillary checklist for a first cycle in Canada:
- On‑hand, not “I’ll order if needed”: conservative‑dose aromatase inhibitor, blood pressure monitor, basic skincare and hair‑care kit.
- baseline & mid‑cycle labs: total/free testosterone, estradiol (sensitive), lipids, liver enzymes, kidney function.
- Health foundations: high‑fibre whole foods, 7–9 hours of sleep, consistent low‑intensity cardio to blunt bloat and BP rise.
Post cycle therapy Recovery For Canadians Step By Step Nolvadex Clomid Timelines Labs And Keeping Your hard Earned Gains
Your time off cycle is where you either lock in your new size and strength or slowly watch it fade. Smart Canadians treat PCT like a second cycle: planned, structured, and backed by labs. As your last testosterone injection clears (typically 10–14 days for enanthate or cypionate), your focus shifts to restarting your natural testosterone, protecting fertility, and managing estrogen so you don’t rebound into gyno, mood crashes, or stubborn fat gain. With Nolvadex, Clomid, clean nutrition, and well-timed bloodwork through your local clinic or provincial health system, you can come off smoothly while keeping your physique, confidence, and performance intact.
For a first testosterone-only cycle,a common Canadian-friendly layout is to begin your protocol roughly 2 weeks after your final shot,when exogenous levels are falling but not yet crashed. A typical beginner framework (not medical advice, purely educational) looks like:
- Nolvadex (Tamoxifen): 40 mg/day for 14 days, then 20 mg/day for 14 days.
- Clomid (Clomiphene): 50 mg/day for 14 days, then 25 mg/day for 14 days.
- Duration: 4 weeks of focused recovery, sometimes extended to 6 weeks based on labs.
- Training shift: slightly lower volume,maintain intensity,prioritize sleep and calories at or just above maintenance.
| Timeline (Canada) | What To Do | Key Targets |
|---|---|---|
| Last injection → Day 14 | Taper training stress, secure Nolvadex/Clomid, book labs. | Stable mood, no crash dieting. |
| PCT weeks 1–2 | Higher SERM doses, keep protein high, reduce alcohol. | Energy and libido starting to normalize. |
| PCT Weeks 3–4 | Lower SERM doses, steady training, manage stress. | Strength largely maintained, minimal fat gain. |
| 4–8 Weeks After PCT | Run follow-up labs via family doctor or private lab. | Total/free T, LH, FSH, lipids, liver in normal range. |
A first cycle should be as simple and controlled as possible. In Canada this means understanding prescription‑only status for testosterone, the role of a family doctor or endocrinologist and realistic pathways such as medically supervised TRT for those who are clinically low versus unsupervised underground use with higher risk
In Canada, testosterone isn’t a casual supplement you grab off a shelf—it’s a controlled prescription medication. That can feel like a barrier, but it’s actually your biggest ally in keeping a first cycle safe, measured and reversible. Instead of guessing doses from an underground vial, you’re aiming for lab-confirmed baselines, medical-grade products, and clear follow‑up plans. keeping things simple—one compound, conservative dosing, predictable injection schedule—lets you distinguish real effects from side effects and react early if something goes off track.
To move legally and safely, you’ll usually start with your family doctor. Be honest about symptoms: low energy, poor libido, depressed mood, brain fog, strength loss. Ask for a comprehensive blood panel, ideally including:
- Total & free testosterone
- LH, FSH, prolactin (to see how your pituitary is firing)
- Estradiol, SHBG (to understand hormone balance)
- CBC, lipids, liver enzymes (for overall health and safety)
If your levels are clinically low, your doctor can refer you to an endocrinologist or men’s health clinic, opening the door to medically supervised TRT—consistent dosing, regulated pharmacy products, and regular labs. For those still considering an unsupervised underground cycle, understand that you’re trading oversight and quality control for higher doses and faster results, along with elevated risks like infection, hormone crashes, and long‑term suppression. In this context, “simple and controlled” means:
- One compound only: testosterone, no orals, no stacks
- Moderate dosing: closer to TRT+ levels, not hardcore blast
- Structured monitoring: pre, mid, and post‑cycle labs whenever possible
| pathway | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Medically Supervised TRT |
|
|
| underground cycle |
|
|
💡 Pro Tip: Before you ever pin your first dose, lock in your bloodwork plan. Get baseline labs, schedule mid‑cycle and post‑cycle tests and commit to adjusting or stopping the cycle if your markers move into risky ranges. Long‑term health beats short‑term gains every time
Before a single needle touches your skin, your real safety net isn’t your syringe—it’s your lab work. Setting up a clear, written bloodwork plan turns your first testosterone cycle from a gamble into a controlled experiment. You’re not just “running a cycle”; you’re monitoring liver strain, heart risk, fertility impact, and overall health in real time, using hard data instead of guesswork or bro‑science.
Think of your labs as a live dashboard for your body. In Canada, that usually means working with your family doctor, a private clinic, or a TRT-focused practice to order key markers and lock in specific test dates before your cycle starts. At a minimum, you want: complete hormone panels (total and free testosterone, SHBG, estradiol sensitive), health markers (CBC, CMP, lipids, fasting glucose, HbA1c), and organ stress indicators (AST/ALT for liver, eGFR/creatinine for kidneys).Get these done when you’re natural, then again around week 5–7, and finally 4–6 weeks after PCT or after coming off wholly. This gives you three clear snapshots: your “normal”,your “on‑cycle”,and your “recovery” state.
| Stage | When to Test | Main Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 2–4 weeks pre‑cycle | Your true “natural” levels |
| Mid‑Cycle | Week 5–7 | dose,estrogen & organ stress |
| Post‑Cycle | 4–6 weeks after PCT | Recovery & long‑term risk |
Before you start,write out your commitment: which markers you’ll track,what lab ranges you consider red flags,and the exact actions you’ll take if things go sideways. That might mean lowering your dose, adjusting injection frequency, tightening diet and cardio, or in serious cases, ending the cycle early—no ego, no negotiation. To keep this simple and realistic in a Canadian context, build a quick checklist you can reference mid‑cycle:
- If hematocrit spikes → discuss donating blood with your doctor.
- If LDL climbs and HDL tanks → clean up diet, add cardio, reconsider continuing.
- If liver enzymes rise sharply → pull or reduce orals, cut alcohol completely, reassess cycle.
- If estradiol is way off → adjust AI only with data, never blindly.
| Marker | Why It Matters |
|---|---|
| Lipids (HDL/LDL) | Long‑term heart health |
| Hematocrit | Blood thickness & clot risk |
| Estradiol (E2) | Mood, libido, gyno, water retention |
- If you feel “off” despite normal labs → listen to your body; labs guide you, but they don’t override your intuition.
- Always discuss abnormal results with a qualified healthcare provider, not just an online forum.
Map out your first testosterone cycle like a serious long‑term investment—use this roadmap to plan, question, test and only move forward when your health, knowledge and support system are firmly in place
Think of your first testosterone cycle the way a disciplined investor thinks of their portfolio: every decision is deliberate, backed by data, and focused on long‑term stability, not quick thrills. Before a single milligram touches a needle, you’re building a framework—bloodwork baselines, medical oversight, realistic physique goals, and a clear risk tolerance—that lets you say “no” just as confidently as you say “yes.” When you treat this process like capital you can’t afford to lose—your health,fertility,mental clarity—you radically shift from impulsive experimentation to strategic planning built for the next 10,20,30 years of your life,not the next 10 weeks of summer.
Approach the entire cycle like a multi‑stage Canadian project plan with gates you must pass before moving on. Start by securing medical screening and honest disclosure with a doctor or clinic familiar with hormone therapy, then establish baseline labs you’ll use to compare mid‑cycle and post‑cycle bloodwork. Map out your personal “investment profile” in a simple structure:
- Health capital: Current markers (lipids, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, mood, sleep).
- Knowledge capital: Clear understanding of esters, dosing, AI use, PCT, fertility impact.
- Support capital: Access to Canadian bloodwork, a trusted prescriber or at least an informed clinician, plus a training and nutrition plan you can actually stick to.
- Exit strategy: What you’ll do if labs crash, side effects spike, or life stress explodes mid‑cycle.
| Phase | Your question | Move Forward Only If… |
|---|---|---|
| Pre‑Cycle | “Are my labs and blood pressure in a safe range?” | Doctor clears you and baselines are documented. |
| Weeks 1–4 | “Do sides match my risk tolerance?” | You can manage acne, mood, libido and hematocrit safely. |
| Mid‑Cycle | “Are results worth the health cost?” | Progress in strength and body comp isn’t sabotaging labs. |
| Post‑Cycle | “can I recover or transition safely?” | You have PCT, follow‑up labs, and mental health check‑ins planned. |
Use this framework the way a cautious investor uses a checklist: if one box isn’t ticked—no recent labs, no clear plan for estrogen management, no support if your mood tanks—you pause, learn, and adjust instead of forcing the cycle. That patience is what separates a one‑time “blast and crash” from a long, strong, sustainable lifting career.
The Rundown
You’re Now Miles Ahead of Most First-Time Users
If you’ve made it this far, you’re already doing more than most Canadians who jump into their first testosterone cycle blind. You now understand not just how to run a beginner cycle, but why each step matters for your health, your hormones, and your long-term progress.
Whether you decide to move forward or not, you’re equipped with a roadmap built on structure, patience, and evidence—not gym locker-room myths.
Bringing It All Together: Your Canadian Blueprint
Stepping into your first testosterone cycle in Canada is about more than chasing a bigger bench or a leaner physique. It’s about owning your decisions, understanding the risks, and building a body that performs and lasts.
You’ve seen how each piece of the puzzle fits:
- Structuring a simple,focused first cycle instead of stacking everything at once.
- Dialling in bloodwork before, during, and after—especially with Canadian lab access and timelines.
- Planning PCT and on-cycle support before your first pin, not scrambling later.
- Building your training, sleep, and nutrition around your enhanced recovery.
- Navigating the legal, ethical, and medical realities specific to Canadians.
The Three Golden Rules for Your First Cycle
- Health First, Always: If your bloodwork or your gut says “this isn’t right,” listen. no PR is worth long-term damage.
- One Variable at a Time: For a first cycle, testosterone alone is more than enough. Keep it simple so you can actually track what’s happening.
- Plan the Exit Before the Entry: Your post-cycle recovery is just as important as your first injection. Don’t start until your entire timeline is mapped out.
From “Thinking About It” to Strategic Action
Many lifters stay stuck in the same loop: research, overthink, procrastinate, repeat. Others rush in with zero preparation and pay for it later.
You don’t need to be either of those people.
Instead, use this roadmap to move through clear, controlled phases:
- Phase 1 – Assess: Get bloodwork, tighten your training and nutrition, and confirm your “natural” baseline.
- Phase 2 – Prepare: Source everything (including PCT) before you start, learn injection technique, and set realistic goals.
- Phase 3 – Execute: Run your cycle exactly as planned, track data weekly, and adjust only when the evidence tells you to.
- Phase 4 – Recover: Run your PCT, repeat bloodwork, and evaluate your physical and mental response.
- Phase 5 – Reflect: Decide if, when, and how you’d ever run another cycle—based on results, not emotions.
Your Responsibility as a Canadian Lifter
In Canada, access to accurate information, supportive healthcare, and reliable bloodwork is better than in many parts of the world—but it’s still on you to use those tools wisely.
That means:
- Being honest with your doctor when possible and advocating respectfully for proper testing.
- Understanding the legal implications of non-prescribed use and making informed choices.
- Respecting the long-term impact on fertility, cardiovascular health, and mental health.
- Refusing to give or take reckless “bro science” advice just because it’s common in the gym.
the Mindset That Separates Smart Users from Cautionary Tales
The difference isn’t genetics or secret protocols. it’s mindset.
- Impatient lifters chase extremes and ignore warning signs.
- Strategic lifters think in years, not weeks, and use enhancement to amplify what they’re already doing right.
If you keep your ego in check, respect the compounds, and track your health as closely as your strength, you can dramatically tilt the odds in your favour.
Where You Go From Here
You don’t need to rush a decision today.the smartest next step is often to pause, review, and plan—not to pin.
Revisit your goals, your current lifestyle, and your true willingness to manage the ongoing responsibility that comes with using testosterone. If you choose to move forward, do it with the confidence that you’ve:
- Mapped out your entire cycle from first injection to final PCT dose.
- Committed to regular bloodwork and honest self-assessment.
- Accepted that long-term health will always outrank short-term aesthetics.
And if you decide to stay natural for now—or indefinitely—that’s not a failure. It’s a sign that you’re actually thinking like an athlete with a long career ahead, not just a summer deadline.
Ready to Turn This Roadmap into a Real Plan?
Save this guide, outline your own first-cycle blueprint, and take the time to get your bloodwork, training, and nutrition fully aligned.When you finally decide to run your first testosterone cycle, do it the canadian way—educated, measured, and in full control of your health.





Add comment
You must be logged in to post a comment.